:Unit 8 Learning a Foreign Language
具体内容
1. How were we able to make sense
of what we heard and distinguished the
mistakes and errors from “good” language?
make sense: have an understandable
meaning; be sensible
eg.
What you say makes no sense.
It would make sense to leave
early.
make sense of sth. : understand
sth difficult or apparently
meaningless
eg.
Can you make sense of this poem?
Distinguish … from…/ distinguish
between … and …
eg.
People who cannot distinguish
between colors are said to be color-blind.
2. Some believe that we are
equipped with a special ability to learn language and that our brain adjusts itself to the language we hear around us.
Adjust sth/oneself to sth: become
or make suited to new conditions
eg.
The body quickly adjusted to
changes in temperature.
3. …both of which contribute to
their increased ability to learn.
Contribute sth to sth: give one’s
share to help; increase sth.; help to cause; write articles for a publication.
eg.
Everyone should contribute what he
or she can afford.
Her work has contributed to our
understanding of this difficult subject.
She has contributed to literary
magazines.
4. Many parents worry about the
safety of their children and may also be concerned about the cost.
Be concerned about/ for sth/that…:
be worried about
Be concerned with sth : be about
sth.
Be concerned in sth: have some
connection with or responsibility for sth.
eg.
He was concerned in the crime.
Her latest documentary is concerned with youth unemployment.
I’m concerned that they may have
got lost.
5. 状语从句
（1）地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
例如：
Where I live there are plenty of
trees.
Wherever I am , I will be thinking
of you.
（2）方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, （just）as…so…, as if, as though引导。
（a）as,（just）as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just）as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如…”，“就像”，多用于正式文体。
例如：
Always do to the others as you
would be done by.
As water is to fish, so air is to
man.
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we
should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
（b）as
if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”。
例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if（as though）they
never existed.
He looks as if（as
though）he had been hit by lighting.
It looks as if the weather may
pick up very soon.
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me
for first time.
He cleared his throat as if to say
something.
The
waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
（3）原因状语从句
比较because, since, as和for：
（a）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。
例如：
I
didn’t go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad,
we have to delay our journey.
（b）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如：
He is absent today, because / for
he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent
today.
（4）目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that,
lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。
例如：
You
must speak louder so that / in order that you can be heard by all.
He
wrote the name down for fear that（lest）he should forget it.
Better
take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
（5）结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：
The
boy is so young that he can’t go to school.
He is
such a young boy that he can’t go to school.
（6）条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on
condition that等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless = if not.
例如：
Let’s
go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let’s go out
for a walk.
（7）让步状语从句
（a）though,
although引导的让步状语从句，后面的从句不能有but，但是
though 和yet可连用。
例如：
Although
it’s raining, they are still working in the field.
He is
very old, but he still works very hard.
Though
the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
（b）as,
though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
例如：
Child
as / though he was , he knew what was the right thing to do.
（c）ever
if, even though 即使。例如：
We’ll
make a trip even though the weather is bad.
（d）whether…or… 不管……都。例如：
Whether
you believe it or not, it is true.
（e）“no
matter +疑问词”或“疑问词+后缀ever”。
例如：
No
matter what happened, he would not mind. = Whatever happened, he would not
mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no
matter when = whenever
no
matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no
matter how = however
注意：no
matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
（错）No matter what you say is of no
use now.
（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
（Whatever you say是主语从句）
（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter
what they’re given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever
they’re given.
【典型例题】
[例1]
You will be late _____ you leave immediately.
A.
unless B. until C. if D. or
答案：A
解析：句意：除非你立即走，否则你就会迟到的。可转化为 If you
don’t leave immediately, you will be late。B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be
late.
[例2]
it
with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A.
When left
B. Leaving
C. If you leave D. Leave
答案：D
解析：该题考查祈使句与状语之间的差别。And是连词，应该连两个语法作用相同的句子，而不能连接一个主句一个从句。
[例3] John shut everybody out of the kitchen
______ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.
A. which B. when C. so that D. as if
答案：C
解析：本题考状语从句关联词的用法。So that引导目的状语从句。
[例4] _____ leaves the room last ought to turn
off the lights.
A. The person B. No matter
who C. Who D. Whoever
答案：D。
解析：whoever引导主语从句，兼做先行词和关系词，等于anybody who。No matter who只能引导状语从句，不能引导主语从句。
[例5] The research is so designed that once
_____ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having
begun C. beginning D. begun
答案：D
解析：本题中的that从句是结果状语从句。Once begun是once
it is begun的省略。
【模拟试题】
1. I’d get it for you ______ I could remember
who last borrowed the book.
A. on condition that B.
now that
C. except that D.
considering that
2 . The robber told him that he had better
keep silent ______ he wanted to get into trouble.
A. if B. unless C. otherwise D. whether
3. Strange
______ his behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it.
A.
although B.
even if C.
that D. as
4. We are worried about our son
because no one is aware ______ he has gone.
A. the place B. of where C. about the place D. where
5. The
professor spoke in a loud voice ______ every one of us could hear him.
A. such that B. so C. so that D. such
6. When
he just got off the plane, he gave us a good description of ______ in Spain.
A. what he had seen B. that he had seen
C. which he had seen
D. he had seen what
7. It is fitted with a small transformer, by
means of ______ the voltage of the currency can be adjusted.
A.
whom B.
which C.
what
D. that
8. I don’t know why she’s looking at me
______ she knew me.
I’ve never seen her before in my
life.
A. as B. although C. even if D. as if
9. No sooner had he finished his speech
______ stormy applause broke out.
A. when B.
then C.
than D. as
10. It is hard to avoid mistakes. ______ you
correct them conscientiously, it will be all right.
A. In the case B. As long as C. Although D. Despite
11. Geometry, ______ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject.
A.
that B. about that C. which D. about which
12. The highest temperature _____ in any
furnace on earth is about 10,000 centigrade.
A. we can get B. that we can get it
C. which we can get it D. what we
can get
13. We sent the horses to a
considerable distance, ______ they should disturb the children.
A. less B. lest C. last D. least
14. Sound is conducted through
steel in the same manner ______.
A. as in air B. as through air C. as air
does D. like air
15. _____ he was putting on his
uniform, the officer found that one of the sleeves was torn.
A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Before
【试题答案】
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B
8. D 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. B
15. C
